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连词

概述

连词先按句法关系分并列与从属,再分别讨论连接单位、语义关系和标点;成对出现的关联表达属于另一条形式分类。并列部分区分词、短语、共享主语的谓语和独立分句;从属部分区分状语关系与内容从句,并说明关系词的内部作用。but 与 however、because 与 because of、although 与 despite 分别按句法和后接结构对照。同层关系避免 although/but、because/so 重复标记。关联结构再按项数、配对范围、平行、一致和倒装条件展开。

参考资料​

简介​

连词(Conjunction)连接词、短语或分句。分类要区分不同维度:

  • 句法关系:
    • 并列:两边处于同一语法层级,如 tea and coffee;I called, but nobody answered.
    • 从属:分句依附于另一结构,如 I stayed home because it was raining.
  • 表达形式:关联结构(Correlative Construction)用 2 个标记配合,如 both...and、either...or;成对出现不等于另有一种独立的句法关系。
  • 语义关系:时间、原因、条件、转折等,同一连接词可能跨多个意义。

连词通常不在所引导分句内部充当主语、宾语等成分:I know that he left. 中 that 引出内容;the book that I bought 中 that 与 bought 的宾语位置相联系,传统语法称关系代词。能连接结构,不足以单独判定词类。

并列关系​

常见词与意义​

并列连词(Coordinating Conjunction)连接语法地位相同的成分,传统教学以 FANBOYS 记忆:

  • for:补充原因或解释,较书面。
    • He stayed home, for he was tired.(他待在家里,因为他累了。)
  • and:添加、顺承。
    • I like tea and coffee.(我喜欢茶和咖啡。)
  • nor:在否定基础上继续否定。
    • He doesn't smoke, nor does he drink.(他不抽烟,也不喝酒。)
    • 引出独立否定分句时通常倒装;neither Tom nor Lily 连接名词短语,不因此倒装。
  • but:转折、对照。
    • She is young but experienced.
  • or:选择,也可表否则。
    • Is it black or white?(它是黑色还是白色?)
    • Hurry up, or you'll be late.
  • yet:与预期相反的转折。
    • The task is difficult yet manageable.
  • so:结果。
    • It rained, so we stayed inside.(下雨了,所以我们待在了室内。)

上述词形可有其他词类:for two hours 中 for 是介词,not yet 中 yet 是副词。

连接单位与标点​

  1. 词或短语:通常不加逗号,如 a small but comfortable room;
  2. 共享主语的谓语:通常不加逗号,如「She opened the book and started reading.」;
  3. 2 个独立分句:通常在连词前加逗号,如「She opened the book, and her brother turned on the light.」。

短而紧密的分句可省逗号;「2 个主语」本身不是必须加逗号的充分条件。并列 3 项以上时,常在最后一项前加连词:I bought pens, books, and erasers.(我买了钢笔、书和橡皮。)最后这个 and 前的逗号称 序列逗号(Serial Comma),不同出版规范允许不同选择。

and、but、or 可在句首,包括正式写作;与前文的关系仍须清楚。

从属关系​

状语关系​

从属连词(Subordinating Conjunction)引导依附其他结构的分句。以下按表达的关系归类:

  • 时间:when、while、as、before、after、since、until、once。
    • I called her when I arrived.
  • 原因:because、since、as、now that。
    • She stayed home because she was ill.
  • 目的:so that、in order that。
    • Speak clearly so that everyone can hear.
    • lest 表「以免」,偏正式或文学用法,常接动词原形或 should + 动词原形。
  • 结果:so...that、such...that。
    • He was so tired that he fell asleep.(他太累了,以至于睡着了。)
  • 条件:if、unless、provided that、as long as。
    • I'll go if you come.(你来的话我就去。)
  • 让步:though、although、even though。
    • Although she was tired, she kept working.
  • 对照:while、whereas。
    • I like tea, whereas she prefers coffee.
  • 方式:as、as if、as though。
    • He acts as if he were the boss.(他表现得好像自己是老板。)
  • 比较:than、as...as。
    • He is taller than I am.(他比我高。)

语义类别不等于词类或不可拆分的词形:

  • since 可表时间或原因,while 可表同时或对照。
  • so...that 中 so 还修饰形容词或副词,as...as 也是多个成分配合形成的结构。
  • 地点关系可用 where/wherever:Sit wherever you like.(你想坐哪儿就坐哪儿。)它们在从句内部也表地点,传统语法可按关系副词分析,不能仅凭引导分句就排除内部功能。

依附关系与位置​

  • 前置状语从句:通常用逗号与主句分开。
    • Because she was tired, she went home.
  • 后置的必要状语从句:常不加逗号。
    • She went home because she was tired.
    • 后置让步或补充说明也可用逗号,位置不是唯一依据。
  • 片段与省略回答:
    • 正式连续叙述中的 Because she was tired. 通常缺少主句。
    • 回答 Why did she leave? 时,Because she was tired. 可以作为语境完整的回答。
  • 缩减结构:Although tired, she kept working. 可与 Although she was tired 对照。
    • 省略要有可对应的逻辑主语和具体结构条件,不是任意删除连词后的主语和 be。

内容从句​

  • that 引出陈述内容:I know that he is right.(我知道他是对的。)that 不在 he is right 内充当主宾语。
  • whether/if 引出「是否」:I wonder whether she will come.(我想知道她是否会来。)
    • 介词后用 whether:It depends on whether she agrees.
    • 不定式前用 whether:I don't know whether to go.
    • 句首主语位置等也优先或必须用 whether;具体分布见 从句。

易混连接方式​

连词与连接副词​

连接副词(Linking Adverb)如 however、therefore、otherwise 表语义联系,通常不能独自把 2 个独立分句连接成 1 句。

  • 并列连词:可以连接同一句中的独立分句。
  • 连接副词:表达语义联系;独立分句之间仍须有句号、分号或连词等连接手段。
  • 连接副词的标点:按具体位置和句法选择,不一律加两侧逗号。
连接方式与标点
  1. 并列连词连接分句

    It rained, but we went out.

    下雨了,但我们还是出门了。

    • but 是并列连词,连接 2 个独立分句。
  2. 连接副词承接 2 句

    It rained. However, we went out.

    下雨了。不过,我们还是出门了。

    • 句号分开 2 个独立句,however 表示它们的语义联系。
  3. 连接副词与分号配合

    It rained; however, we went out.

    下雨了;不过,我们还是出门了。

    • 分号连接 2 个独立分句,however 本身不承担并列连词的句法作用。
  4. 连接副词位于句中

    We therefore stayed inside.

    因此,我们待在屋里。

    • therefore 位于本分句中间,此处不用逗号隔开。
    • 不应给所有连接副词一律加两侧逗号。

连接方式还须区分以下边界:

  • 逗号拼接(Comma Splice):It rained, however, we went out. 中,however 两侧都有逗号,也未建立 2 个分句的规范连接。
  • 同义不保证同句法:or else 与 otherwise 意义近似,连接方式和标点不同。
  • 同形不保证同用法:however difficult it is 表「无论多么困难」,不按上面的连接副词规则标点。
同义表达的不同连接方式
  1. 并列连词 or else

    Hurry up, or else you'll be late.

    • or else 按并列连接处理。
  2. 连接副词 otherwise

    Hurry up; otherwise, you'll be late.

    • 意义近似,但用分号连接独立分句。

原因、让步与后接形式​

先区分后接结构,再选表达。

  • 分句:because it rained;although it rained。
  • 名词性结构:because of the rain;despite the rain;in spite of the rain。
    • We stayed home because of the rain.
    • We went out despite the rain.
    • despite 后不直接接 that 分句,也不写 despite of;可接 the fact that it was raining。

同一层次、同一逻辑关系不能按中文重复标记:

同层让步与原因的连接
  1. 从属让步

    Although he is rich, he is unhappy.

    虽然他很富有,但并不快乐。

  2. 并列转折

    He is rich, but he is unhappy.

  3. 从属原因

    Because it was raining, we stayed home.

  4. 并列结果

    It was raining, so we stayed home.

although...but...、because...so... 的限制针对同一对分句;复杂句中不同层级仍可分别出现这些词。

  • still/yet 可强调让步:Although he was tired, he still continued.
  • 句末 though 可作副词:The task was difficult. I enjoyed it, though. 不套 although 的从属连词位置规则。

关联结构​

配对、范围与平行​

  • both...and:两者都,如 Both Tom and Lily are here.
  • either...or:提供备选项,如 You can either stay or leave.
  • neither...nor:逐项否定,如 Neither Tom nor Lily knows the answer.
  • not only...but also:不仅……而且……,如 She is not only careful but also patient.
  • whether...or:由外层功能决定是选择疑问还是让步。
    • 「I wonder whether he will stay or leave.」:不知道留下还是离开。
    • 「Whether you agree or not, I will go.」:无论你同不同意,我都会去。

either...or 和 neither...nor 也可扩展到多项:

关联结构可扩展到多项
  1. 多项选择

    You can choose either tea or coffee or juice.

    • either...or 可以扩展到多项。
  2. 多项否定

    She speaks neither English nor French nor German.

    • neither...nor 可以扩展到多项。

这属于关联连词的用法,不应与 either/neither 作限定词或代词时的「两者」范围混为一谈。

配对标记分别对准相同结构层级的并列项,形成 平行结构(Parallel Structure)。标记的位置决定追加信息的范围。

关联结构的平行与范围
  1. 形容词对应

    She is not only intelligent but also diligent.

  2. 动词短语对应

    She either sings or dances.

    她要么唱歌,要么跳舞。

  3. 不定式对应

    The course teaches us not only to read but also to write.

  4. 追加另一种活动

    She not only teaches English but also writes books.

    • 追加另一种活动。
  5. 追加另一种语言

    She teaches not only English but also French.

    • 追加另一种语言。

一致与倒装​

  • both...and 连接不同主语:通常复数,如 Both Tom and Lily are here.
  • either...or、neither...nor、not only...but also 连接主语:基础用法常与靠近谓语的并列项一致。
    • 人称或数冲突造成别扭时可调整顺序或改写,完整条件见 主谓一致。
  • not only 前置并作用于分句谓语:所在分句通常部分倒装。
    • did 承担过去时,read 用原形;后半句不因此倒装。
  • not only 仅连接主语:不倒装。
  • 时间关联结构:no sooner...than、hardly/scarcely...when。
    • 否定意义部分前置通常触发倒装;hardly 等词不会因为参与配对就全部变成连词。
关联主语的一致关系
  1. 靠近单数项

    Either the students or the teacher is responsible.

  2. 靠近复数项

    Neither the teacher nor the students are here.

否定前置与倒装范围
  1. not only 作用于谓语

    Not only did she read the book, but she also took notes.

    • did 承担过去时,read 用原形;后半句不因此倒装。
  2. not only 仅连接主语

    Not only Lily but also Tom read the book.

    • 不倒装。
  3. no sooner...than

    No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.

    他刚一到就开始下雨了。

    • 否定意义部分前置通常触发倒装。
  4. hardly...when

    Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.

    我刚坐下电话就响了。

    • 否定意义部分前置通常触发倒装。

as...as 比较结构也能按配对形式学习,但仍须逐个判断成分的词类和作用。