连词
连词先按句法关系分并列与从属,再分别讨论连接单位、语义关系和标点;成对出现的关联表达属于另一条形式分类。并列部分区分词、短语、共享主语的谓语和独立分句;从属部分区分状语关系与内容从句,并说明关系词的内部作用。but 与 however、because 与 because of、although 与 despite 分别按句法和后接结构对照。同层关系避免 although/but、because/so 重复标记。关联结构再按项数、配对范围、平行、一致和倒装条件展开。
参考资料
简介
连词(Conjunction)连接词、短语或分句。分类要区分不同维度:
- 句法关系:
- 并列:两边处于同一语法层级,如 tea and coffee;I called, but nobody answered.
- 从属:分句依附于另一结构,如 I stayed home because it was raining.
- 表达形式:关联结构(Correlative Construction)用 2 个标记配合,如 both...and、either...or;成对出现不等于另有一种独立的句法关系。
- 语义关系:时间、原因、条件、转折等,同一连接词可能跨多个意义。
连词通常不在所引导分句内部充当主语、宾语等成分:I know that he left. 中 that 引出内容;the book that I bought 中 that 与 bought 的宾语位置相联系,传统语法称关系代词。能连接结构,不足以单独判定词类。
并列关系
常见词与意义
并列连词(Coordinating Conjunction)连接语法地位相同的成分,传统教学以 FANBOYS 记忆:
- for:补充原因或解释,较书面。
- He stayed home, for he was tired.(他待在家里,因为他累了。)
- and:添加、顺承。
- I like tea and coffee.(我喜欢茶和咖啡。)
- nor:在否定基础上继续否定。
- He doesn't smoke, nor does he drink.(他不抽烟,也不喝酒。)
- 引出独立否定分句时通常倒装;neither Tom nor Lily 连接名词短语,不因此倒装。
- but:转折、对照。
- She is young but experienced.
- or:选择,也可表否则。
- Is it black or white?(它是黑色还是白色?)
- Hurry up, or you'll be late.
- yet:与预期相反的转折。
- The task is difficult yet manageable.
- so:结果。
- It rained, so we stayed inside.(下雨了,所以我们待在了室内。)
上述词形可有其他词类:for two hours 中 for 是介词,not yet 中 yet 是副词。
连接单位与标点
- 词或短语:通常不加逗号,如 a small but comfortable room;
- 共享主语的谓语:通常不加逗号,如「She opened the book and started reading.」;
- 2 个独立分句:通常在连词前加逗号,如「She opened the book, and her brother turned on the light.」。
短而紧密的分句可省逗号;「2 个主语」本身不是必须加逗号的充分条件。并列 3 项以上时,常在最后一项前加连词:I bought pens, books, and erasers.(我买了钢笔、书和橡皮。)最后这个 and 前的逗号称 序列逗号(Serial Comma),不同出版规范允许不同选择。
and、but、or 可在句首,包括正式写作;与前文的关系仍须清楚。
从属关系
状语关系
从属连词(Subordinating Conjunction)引导依附其他结构的分句。以下按表达的关系归类:
- 时间:when、while、as、before、after、since、until、once。
- I called her when I arrived.
- 原因:because、since、as、now that。
- She stayed home because she was ill.
- 目的:so that、in order that。
- Speak clearly so that everyone can hear.
- lest 表「以免」,偏正式或文学用法,常接动词原形或 should + 动词原形。
- 结果:so...that、such...that。
- He was so tired that he fell asleep.(他太累了,以至于睡着了。)
- 条件:if、unless、provided that、as long as。
- I'll go if you come.(你来的话我就去。)
- 让步:though、although、even though。
- Although she was tired, she kept working.
- 对照:while、whereas。
- I like tea, whereas she prefers coffee.
- 方式:as、as if、as though。
- He acts as if he were the boss.(他表现得好像自己是老板。)
- 比较:than、as...as。
- He is taller than I am.(他比我高。)
语义类别不等于词类或不可拆分的词形:
- since 可表时间或原因,while 可表同时或对照。
- so...that 中 so 还修饰形容词或副词,as...as 也是多个成分配合形成的结构。
- 地点关系可用 where/wherever:Sit wherever you like.(你想坐哪儿就坐哪儿。)它们在从句内部也表地点,传统语法可按关系副词分析,不能仅凭引导分句就排除内部功能。
依附关系与位置
- 前置状语从句:通常用逗号与主句分开。
- Because she was tired, she went home.
- 后置的必要状语从句:常不加逗号。
- She went home because she was tired.
- 后置让步或补充说明也可用逗号,位置不是唯一依据。
- 片段与省略回答:
- 正式连续叙述中的 Because she was tired. 通常缺少主句。
- 回答 Why did she leave? 时,Because she was tired. 可以作为语境完整的回答。
- 缩减结构:Although tired, she kept working. 可与 Although she was tired 对照。
- 省略要有可对应的逻辑主语和具体结构条件,不是任意删除连词后的主语和 be。
内容从句
- that 引出陈述内容:I know that he is right.(我知道他是对的。)that 不在 he is right 内充当主宾语。
- whether/if 引出「是否」:I wonder whether she will come.(我想知道她是否会来。)
- 介词后用 whether:It depends on whether she agrees.
- 不定式前用 whether:I don't know whether to go.
- 句首主语位置等也优先或必须用 whether;具体分布见 从句。
易混连接方式
连词与连接副词
连接副词(Linking Adverb)如 however、therefore、otherwise 表语义联系,通常不能独自把 2 个独立分句连接成 1 句。
- 并列连词:可以连接同一句中的独立分句。
- 连接副词:表达语义联系;独立分句之间仍须有句号、分号或连词等连接手段。
- 连接副词的标点:按具体位置和句法选择,不一律加两侧逗号。
- 并列连词连接分句
It rained, but we went out.
下雨了,但我们还是出门了。
- but 是并列连词,连接 2 个独立分句。
- 连接副词承接 2 句
It rained. However, we went out.
下雨了。不过,我们还是出门了。
- 句号分开 2 个独立句,however 表示它们的语义联系。
- 连接副词与分号配合
It rained; however, we went out.
下雨了;不过,我们还是出门了。
- 分号连接 2 个独立分句,however 本身不承担并列连词的句法作用。
- 连接副词位于句中
We therefore stayed inside.
因此,我们待在屋里。
- therefore 位于本分句中间,此处不用逗号隔开。
- 不应给所有连接副词一律加两侧逗号。
连接方式还须区分以下边界:
- 逗号拼接(Comma Splice):It rained, however, we went out. 中,however 两侧都有逗号,也未建立 2 个分句的规范连接。
- 同义不保证同句法:or else 与 otherwise 意义近似,连接方式和标点不同。
- 同形不保证同用法:however difficult it is 表「无论多么困难」,不按上面的连接副词规则标点。
- 并列连词 or else
Hurry up, or else you'll be late.
- or else 按并列连接处理。
- 连接副词 otherwise
Hurry up; otherwise, you'll be late.
- 意义近似,但用分号连接独立分句。
原因、让步与后接形式
先区分后接结构,再选表达。
- 分句:because it rained;although it rained。
- 名词性结构:because of the rain;despite the rain;in spite of the rain。
- We stayed home because of the rain.
- We went out despite the rain.
- despite 后不直接接 that 分句,也不写 despite of;可接 the fact that it was raining。
同一层次、同一逻辑关系不能按中文重复标记:
- 从属让步
Although he is rich, he is unhappy.
虽然他很富有,但并不快乐。
- 并列转折
He is rich, but he is unhappy.
- 从属原因
Because it was raining, we stayed home.
- 并列结果
It was raining, so we stayed home.
although...but...、because...so... 的限制针对同一对分句;复杂句中不同层级仍可分别出现这些词。
- still/yet 可强调让步:Although he was tired, he still continued.
- 句末 though 可作副词:The task was difficult. I enjoyed it, though. 不套 although 的从属连词位置规则。
关联结构
配对、范围与平行
- both...and:两者都,如 Both Tom and Lily are here.
- either...or:提供备选项,如 You can either stay or leave.
- neither...nor:逐项否定,如 Neither Tom nor Lily knows the answer.
- not only...but also:不仅……而且……,如 She is not only careful but also patient.
- whether...or:由外层功能决定是选择疑问还是让步。
- 「I wonder whether he will stay or leave.」:不知道留下还是离开。
- 「Whether you agree or not, I will go.」:无论你同不同意,我都会去。
either...or 和 neither...nor 也可扩展到多项:
- 多项选择
You can choose either tea or coffee or juice.
- either...or 可以扩展到多项。
- 多项否定
She speaks neither English nor French nor German.
- neither...nor 可以扩展到多项。
这属于关联连词的用法,不应与 either/neither 作限定词或代词时的「两者」范围混为一谈。
配对标记分别对准相同结构层级的并列项,形成 平行结构(Parallel Structure)。标记的位置决定追加信息的范围。
- 形容词对应
She is not only intelligent but also diligent.
- 动词短语对应
She either sings or dances.
她要么唱歌,要么跳舞。
- 不定式对应
The course teaches us not only to read but also to write.
- 追加另一种活动
She not only teaches English but also writes books.
- 追加另一种活动。
- 追加另一种语言
She teaches not only English but also French.
- 追加另一种语言。
一致与倒装
- both...and 连接不同主语:通常复数,如 Both Tom and Lily are here.
- either...or、neither...nor、not only...but also 连接主语:基础用法常与靠近谓语的并列项一致。
- 人称或数冲突造成别扭时可调整顺序或改写,完整条件见 主谓一致。
- not only 前置并作用于分句谓语:所在分句通常部分倒装。
- did 承担过去时,read 用原形;后半句不因此倒装。
- not only 仅连接主语:不倒装。
- 时间关联结构:no sooner...than、hardly/scarcely...when。
- 否定意义部分前置通常触发倒装;hardly 等词不会因为参与配对就全部变成连词。
- 靠近单数项
Either the students or the teacher is responsible.
- 靠近复数项
Neither the teacher nor the students are here.
- not only 作用于谓语
Not only did she read the book, but she also took notes.
- did 承担过去时,read 用原形;后半句不因此倒装。
- not only 仅连接主语
Not only Lily but also Tom read the book.
- 不倒装。
- no sooner...than
No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.
他刚一到就开始下雨了。
- 否定意义部分前置通常触发倒装。
- hardly...when
Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.
我刚坐下电话就响了。
- 否定意义部分前置通常触发倒装。
as...as 比较结构也能按配对形式学习,但仍须逐个判断成分的词类和作用。