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从句

Summary

英语从句的系统笔记。从句依附主句、自身含主谓,按功能分名词性、形容词性、副词性三大类。名词性从句占据名词位置,讲 that、whether/if 与 wh- 类引导词及主语、宾语、表语、宾语补语、同位语五种从句,涉及形式主语、时态呼应与定语从句的辨析。形容词性从句即定语从句,梳理关系代词与关系副词、限制性与非限制性、that 与 which 的取舍及介词加关系代词。副词性从句即状语从句,按时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较分九类,强调「主将从现」。

简介​

从句(Subordinate Clause)是 不能独立成句、必须依附主句存在的结构。

从句本身包含 主语 和 谓语,但充当主句的某个成分。

按 语法功能 可分为 3 大类:

  • 名词性从句:在主句中充当 名词 的位置(主语、宾语、表语、同位语)。
  • 形容词性从句:又称 定语从句,修饰名词或代词。
  • 副词性从句:又称 状语从句,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个主句。

名词性从句​

名词性从句(Nominal Clause)在主句中占据名词的句法位置。

按功能可分为 5 种:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、宾语补语从句、同位语从句。

引导词​

引导词类型常见引导词
从属连词that, whether, if
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which
连接副词when, where, why, how
tip

引导词的选择规则:

  • that:陈述意义,不充当从句成分。
  • whether / if:「是否」之意,if 只用于宾语从句。
  • wh- 类:表 疑问意义,在从句中充当成分。

主语从句​

主语从句 充当主句的主语。

直接置于句首,或用 形式主语 it 替代,真正从句后置。

Example
  • That he is honest is well-known.(他很诚实这一点众所周知。)
  • It is well-known that he is honest.(他很诚实这一点众所周知。)(更常用)
  • What he said surprised us.(他所说的话让我们感到惊讶。)

形式主语句型常见结构:

句型示例
It is + 形容词 + thatIt is clear that he is right.(很明显他是对的。)
It is + 名词 + thatIt is a pity that you can't come.(很遗憾你不能来。)
It seems / happens thatIt seems that he is angry.(他似乎生气了。)

宾语从句​

宾语从句 充当 动词 或 介词 的宾语。

Example
  • I know that he is right.(我知道他是对的。)
  • I wonder whether she will come.(我想知道她是否会来。)
  • I am sure of what he said.(我对他所说的话很确信。)

引导词 that 在宾语从句中通常可省略,但下列情况不可省略:

  • 多个并列宾语从句中的 第二个及之后。
  • 主句和从句之间隔有其他成分。
  • that 引导的主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
Example
  • He said that he was tired and that he wanted to rest.(他说他累了,想休息。)

时态呼应​

主句为 过去时态 时,宾语从句通常使用 相应的过去时态。

主句从句变化示例
一般现在一般过去He said he was ill.(他说他病了。)
现在完成过去完成He said he had finished.(他说他已经完成了。)
一般将来过去将来He said he would come.(他说他会来。)
tip

从句陈述 客观真理、自然规律、习惯动作 时,不受主句时态影响,始终用 一般现在时态。

Example
  • The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.(老师说地球绕着太阳转。)

表语从句​

表语从句 充当主句的表语,置于 连系动词 之后。

Example
  • The truth is that he lied.(事实是他撒谎了。)
  • The question is whether we should go.(问题是我们是否该去。)
  • This is what I want.(这就是我想要的。)

宾语补语从句​

宾语补语从句 充当宾语补语,常见于 make, find, think, consider 等动词后。

Example
  • We considered it strange that he didn't come.(我们觉得他没来很奇怪。)
  • I find it difficult to understand him.(我觉得理解他很难。)

同位语从句​

同位语从句 跟在 抽象名词 后,对该名词进行 解释或说明。

常接同位语从句的名词:fact, news, idea, belief, hope, suggestion, doubt, opinion, …

Example
  • The news that he won the prize spread quickly.(他获奖的消息很快传开了。)
  • I have no doubt that he is honest.(我毫不怀疑他是诚实的。)

同位语从句 vs. 定语从句​

类型引导词 that 在从句中作用示例
同位语从句不作成分(解释名词)The fact that he lied is clear.(他撒谎这一事实很清楚。)
定语从句充当从句成分(修饰名词)The fact that he told us is clear.(他告诉我们的那个事实很清楚。)

形容词性从句​

形容词性从句(Adjective Clause),又称 定语从句(Relative Clause),用于修饰 名词 或 代词。

被修饰的词称为 先行词(Antecedent)。

引导词​

引导词类型常见词在从句中的作用
关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as充当主语、宾语、定语
关系副词when, where, why充当状语
引导词适用先行词在从句中作用示例
who人主语、宾语The man who came is my uncle.(来的那个人是我叔叔。)
whom人宾语The man whom I met is my uncle.(我遇到的那个人是我叔叔。)
whose人 / 物定语The boy whose father is a doctor.(父亲是医生的那个男孩。)
which物主语、宾语The book which I read.(我读的那本书。)
that人 / 物主语、宾语The man that came / The book that I read.(来的那个人 / 我读的那本书。)
when表时间名词时间状语The day when I met him.(我遇到他的那天。)
where表地点名词地点状语The place where I live.(我住的那个地方。)
whyreason原因状语The reason why I came.(我来的原因。)

限制性 vs. 非限制性​

类型特征示例
限制性定语从句修饰先行词不可缺,无逗号The boy who is reading is my brother.(正在读书的那个男孩是我弟弟。)
非限制性定语从句补充说明,用逗号隔开My father, who is a doctor, is busy.(我父亲是医生,他很忙。)
tip

非限制性定语从句 不能用 that 引导。

关系代词 that 与 which 的选择​

下列情况只能用 that:

  • 先行词被 最高级、序数词、all, every, no, any, only 等修饰。
  • 先行词为 不定代词(something, anything, nothing, all, everything)。
  • 先行词同时包含 人和物。
Example
  • This is the best book that I have ever read.(这是我读过的最好的书。)
  • All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必都是金子。)

下列情况只能用 which:

  • 引导 非限制性定语从句。
  • 介词后置时(in which, of which)。

介词 + 关系代词​

介词可前置或后置。

  • 前置:only with whom, in which 等。
  • 后置:whom...with, that...in 等。
Example
  • The man with whom I spoke is my uncle.(和我交谈的那个人是我叔叔。)
  • The man whom I spoke with is my uncle.(和我交谈的那个人是我叔叔。)
  • The man that I spoke with is my uncle.(和我交谈的那个人是我叔叔。)(介词后置,可用 that)

副词性从句​

副词性从句(Adverbial Clause),又称 状语从句,用于修饰 动词、形容词、副词 或 整个主句。

按语义可分为 9 类,引导词详见 连词。

时间状语从句​

引导词:when, while, as, before, after, since, until / till, as soon as, once, …

Example
  • I will call you when I arrive.(我到了就给你打电话。)
  • He waited until she came back.(他一直等到她回来。)
tip

时间状语从句中,主将从现:主句用 将来时态,从句用 一般现在时态 替代将来时态。

Example
  • I will leave when he comes.(他来的时候我就走。)when he will come

地点状语从句​

引导词:where, wherever。

Example
  • Sit wherever you like.(你想坐哪就坐哪。)
  • I will go where you go.(你去哪我就去哪。)

原因状语从句​

引导词:because, since, as, for, now that, seeing that。

Example
  • I stayed home because it rained.(因为下雨我待在家里。)

目的状语从句​

引导词:so that, in order that, lest, for fear that。

从句常用 may, might, should + 动词原形。

Example
  • Speak loudly so that everyone may hear.(大声说,好让大家都能听见。)

结果状语从句​

引导词:so...that, such...that, so that。

Example
  • He is so tired that he can't walk.(他累得走不动了。)
  • It is such a heavy box that I can't lift it.(这箱子重得我搬不动。)

条件状语从句​

引导词:if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case。

主将从现:主句将来时态,从句一般现在时态。

Example
  • I will go if it doesn't rain.(如果不下雨我就去。)

让步状语从句​

引导词:though, although, even if, even though, while, whereas, no matter wh-, whatever, however, …

Example
  • Although it is raining, we'll go.(尽管在下雨,我们还是会去。)
  • However hard he tries, he can't succeed.(无论他多么努力,都无法成功。)

方式状语从句​

引导词:as, as if, as though。

as if / as though 可用 虚拟语气(详见 动词语气)。

Example
  • Do as I say.(照我说的做。)
  • He talks as if he knew everything.(他说起话来好像什么都懂。)

比较状语从句​

引导词:than, as...as, the more...the more。

Example
  • He is taller than I am.(他比我高。)
  • The harder you work, the more you gain.(你越努力,收获越多。)

思维导图​